有研究显示,中亚各国一方面被中国的经济项目和教育机会所吸引,但另一方面也存在持续的反华情绪,他们担心对中国的债务依赖增加,也对中国的人口和文化扩张保持警惕(Vakulchuk and Overland 2019)。从长远看,“一带一路”为增强中国影响力奠定了基础;但如果缺乏透明度和良好治理,中国通过“一带一路”对中亚投入越大,就越可能面临公众更多抵制。
与亚洲等发展中国家集中的区域形成鲜明对比,“一带一路”在西方国家斩获较少,因而对增强中国影响力贡献甚微。美国麻省理工学院(MIT)几位学者的一篇论文认为,“一带一路 ”并未增强中国在所谓“先进工业化民主国家”的影响力(Atkins et al. 2023)。这篇论文分析了各国签署“一带一路”合作备忘录的数据,发现与“非民主”国家相比,“民主”国家加入“一带一路”的可能性要小得多;中国也一直未能利用 “一带一路 ”的吸引力分化发达工业化“民主”国家,这些国家公众整体上对这一倡议仍持怀疑态度(Atkins et al. 2023)。意大利是一个例子,该国是西方七国(G7)中唯一签署“一带一路”备忘录的国家(2019年),但很快就失望了,于是在2023年底退出。
战略效率之中美对比
与中国主要通过经济手段扩大对外影响力不同,美国在冷战结束后由于失去了苏联制衡,其对外政策使用军事手段的门槛显著降低,频率大大增加。尤其是进入21世纪以来,美国长期陷入阿富汗和伊拉克两场战争,极大地消耗了美国的国力,削弱了其国际声望。美国前国防部长盖茨(Robert Gates)为此大声疾呼,美国外交已经过度军事化,亟需加强使用非军事工具,并找到新的、更具成本效益、风险更小的方式,以在国际上行使美国的权力和领导力(Gates 2022)。美国学者布莱克威尔(Robert Blackwill)和哈里斯(Jennifer Harris)指出,由于美国偏重使用军事手段,地缘经济(Geo-economics)已经成了美国外交一项“失落的艺术”(Blackwill and Harris 2016,1)。
特朗普敏锐地意识到了美国的问题,对中国崛起挑战美国霸权深感不安。他在其第一任期之初,曾打电话向前总统卡特请教:什么才是中国崛起的原因?美国如何才能破解?卡特告诉特朗普,美国在伊拉克和阿富汗战争中浪费了3万亿美元,而中国没有为战争花一分钱;美国是世界历史上最好战的国家,企图把自身价值观强加给其他国家,但中国却把资源投入到高速铁路等建设项目上,而不是军费开支(Hurt 2019)。由此可见,中国通过“一带一路”来扩大影响力,比起美国通过军事手段来推行对外政策,性价比要高得多,因而具有更高的战略效率。
“一带一路”作为一个大战略,之所以采用经济而非军事手段,并非偶然,而是深深植根于中国独特而悠久的战略传统。伟大的中国战略家孙子,早在两千多年前就在其不朽名著《孙子兵法》中指出,“不战而屈人之兵,善之善者也”;而西方最著名的军事战略理论家克劳塞维茨却断言,“战争就是极致暴力(War is an act of violence pushed to its utmost bounds)。”在台湾著名战略学者林中斌看来,“一带一路”体现了中国“不战而主欧亚非”的大战略,即以快速提升的军事能力为支撑,凭借经济、外交和文化等非军事手段来扩大对外影响力(Lin 2019)。林中斌所言不虚,北京以地缘经济而非地缘政治的方式来推行“一带一路”,在减小阻力的同时扩大了对外影响力,从而使得“一带一路”具备较高的战略效率。
结语
从经济角度看,“一带一路 ”表现出一定程度的低效率,但却有效促进了中国的国家利益和对外影响力,因而具备较高的战略效率。与“一带一路”形成鲜明对比的是,美国在阿富汗和伊拉克两场战争中投入了巨量资源,但却一无所获。不过,“一带一路 ”对中国对外影响力的贡献因地区而异,在东南亚最大,在西方国家最小,在中亚则居中。
总体而言,北京扬长避短,以地缘经济而非地缘政治手段来实施“一带一路”,是一个明智的选择。而华盛顿长期以来依仗地缘政治手段来推行其对外政策,忽视了经济和文化手段,已经为此付出沉重代价。但美国已经认识到了这个问题,其“印太战略”为此强化了经济维度,推出了“印太经济框架”。在美国压力之下,中国自然不会在地缘政治领域无所作为。因此,美中战略竞争将在三个维度展开:地缘政治、地缘经济和意识形态。谁能更有效力、更高效率地(more effectively & more efficiently)综合运用所掌握的战略工具,谁就更可能在这场大博弈中赢得优势。
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(作者是战略和国际关系研究者,微信号ChaoticGenghis。本文仅代表作者个人观点。责编邮箱[email protected])